5 Step process - references

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Intro

  1. Lung lesions
    https://www.prrs.com/prrsv-cross-protection-studies 
  2. Efficacy evaluation of INGELVAC PRRS® MLV against a PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C.5 variant challenge
    Philips et al.; AASV 2025
  3. Efficacy of Ingelvac PRRS® MLV against a heterologous PRRSV 1-7-4 RFLP challenge
    A. Patterson et al.; AASV 2017
  4. NADC30 lung lesions
    Efficacy of the Synergy Between Live-Attenuated and Inactivated PRRSV Vaccines Against a NADC30-Like Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-Week Piglets; Li et al.; Front. Vet. Sci., 2022
  5. NADC34 lung lesions
    Protective evaluation of the commercialized porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines in piglets challenged by NADC34-like strain; Liu et al.; Front. Microbiol 2024
  6. Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets
    Michael Piontkowski et al.; Can J Vet Res 2016
  7. Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets
    Michael Piontkowski et al.; Can J Vet Res 2016
  8. Efficacy of commercial PRRS MLV vaccine in reducing the impact of a virulent PRRS1 Rosalia challenge
    Vilalta et al.; EPSHM 2026
  9. Belarus mortality
    Pathogenesis and antigenic characterization of a new East European subtype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate; Karniychuk et al.; BMC Vet Res. 2010
  10. China mortality
    Recombinant characterization and pathogenicity of a novel L1C RFLP-1-4-4 variant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China; Huang et al.; Vet Res 2024
    Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China; Tong-Qing et al.; Emerg Infect Dis. 2010
    Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the Mid-Eastern region of China; Li Y et al.; Vet J. 2007
  11. Austria mortality
    Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 strain in Lower Austria; Sinn LJ et al.; Porcine Health Manag. 2016
  12. US mortality
    Swine Health Information Center. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Updated July 2021.
    https://www.swinehealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/shic-factsheet-hp-prrsv-2021Jul13.pdf 
    Trevisan et al.; Microbiol Resour Announc 2021
  13. Spain mortality
    A Spanish Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Strain Is Highly Virulent in Pigs Under Experimental Conditions; Curto et al.; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2025
  14. Economic impact USA
    Economic impact of productivity losses attributable to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in United States pork production, 2016–2020; Osemeke et al.; Prev Vet Med. 2025
  15. Daily growth
    Examination of viraemia and clinical signs after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV strain in PRRS Type 2 MLV vaccinated pigs: A challenge-dose study; Haiwick et al.; PLoS One 2018

Step 1

  1. Trends
    Dr. Bob Morrison’s Swine Health Monitoring Project: National PRRS incidence/prevalence: July 2025 – June 2026
  2. Wean to finish mortality
    Magalhaes et al.; AASV 2021
  3. Personal communication
    Prof. Linhares, POMP project data

Step 2

  1. https://fieldepi.org/sdrs/dashboards/ 
  2. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica PRRS Ctrl 2.0; Daniel C. L. Linhares, Marius Kunze

Step 3

  1. Biosecurity
    The biosecurity status and its associations with production and management characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds; Postma et al.; Animal 2016
    Improvements in swine herd biosecurity reduce the incidence risk of PRRSV in breeding herds in the Midwestern United States; Dee et al.; J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024
  2. A scoping review of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in swine farm biosecurity in North America
    Chepkwony et al.; Front Vet Sci 2025
  3. Pig flow
    Effect of Phase Feeding, Space Allowance and Mixing on Productive Performance of Grower-Finisher Pigs; Camp Montoro et al.; Animals 2022
  4. Simultaneous infections
    Synergistic effects of sequential infection with highly pathogenic PRRSV and PCV2; Fan et al.; Virol J 2013
  5. Multiple strains
    Comparison of virus detection, productivity, and economic performance between lots of growing pigs vaccinated with two doses or one dose of PRRS MLV vaccine; Moura et al.; Prev Vet Med 2022
  6. In-use stability of PRRS MLVs when mixed with PCV2 vaccines
    Duran and Strachan; Leman Conference 2021
  7. Vaccine storage issues 
  8.  
  9. Vaccine dosing
    Silva; PRRS management workshop ISU 2025
  10. Transport
    Modelling contamination of trucks used in the shipment of pigs infected with PRRSV; Thakur et al.; J Swine Health Prod 2017
  11. Labor
    Assessment of the Relationship Between Bioexclusion Practices Applied in Wean-to-Harvest Sites and PRRS Outbreaks; Musskopf et al.; Vet Sci 2025
    Interpretable machine learning applied to on-farm biosecurity and PRRSV; Sykes et al.; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2022

Step 4

  1. Biosecurity
    Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2) Coinfections in US Field Cases of PMWS; Pallarés et al.; J Vet Diagn Invest 2002
    Experimental infection of colostrum deprived piglets with PCV2 and PRRSV potentiates PCV2 replication; Allan et al.; Arch Virol 2000
    Experimental reproduction of severe disease in CD/CD pigs concurrently infected with PCV2 and PRRSV; Harms et al.; Vet Pathol 2001
  2. Common issues
    Biosecurity status and associations with production characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds; Postma et al.; Animal 2016
  3. Transport
    Modelling contamination of trucks used in the shipment of pigs infected with PRRSV; Thakur et al.; J Swine Health Prod 2017
  4. Labour
    Assessment of the Relationship Between Bioexclusion Practices Applied in Wean-to-Harvest Sites and PRRS Outbreaks; Musskopf et al.; Vet Sci 2025

Step 5

  1. Stable example
    Implementation, measurement and return on investment of biosecurity against PRRS on sow reproductive parameters in a high-density pig area in Spain; Blasco et al.; data on file
    Maximizing the Chances of Success for PRRS Area Regional Control and Elimination Programs: A 5-Step Process in Practice; Rathkjen and Dall; J Microb Biochem Technol 2018