5 Step process - references

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Scientific references supporting the “5 Steps to Controlling PRRS” document, including studies on vaccine efficacy, lung lesions, emerging strain mortality, economic impact, and biosecurity in PRRS management.

Intro

  1. https://www.prrs.com/prrsv-cross-protection-studies
  2. Efficacy evaluation of INGELVAC PRRS® MLV against a PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C.5 variant challenge; Philips et al.; AASV 2025
  3. Efficacy of Ingelvac PRRS® MLV against a heterologous PRRSV 1-7-4 RFLP challenge. A. Patterson et al.; AASV 2017
  4. Efficacy of the Synergy Between Live-Attenuated and Inactivated PRRSV Vaccines Against a NADC30-Like Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in 4-Week Piglets; Li et al.; Front. Vet. Sci., 2022
  5. Protective evaluation of the commercialized porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines in piglets challenged by NADC34-like strain; Lui et al.; Front. Microbiol 2024
  6. Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets
    Michael Piontkowski et al.; Can J Vet Res 2016
  7. Safety and early onset of immunity with a novel European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in young piglets
    Michael Piontkowski et al.; Can J Vet Res 2016
  8. Efficacy of commercial PRRS MLV vaccine in reducing the impact of a virulent PRRS1 Rosalia challenge; Vilalta et al.; EPSHM 2026
  9. Pathogenesis and antigenic characterization of a new East European subtype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate; Karniychuk et al.; BMC Vet Res. 2010
  10. Recombinant characterization and pathogenicity of a novel L1C RFLP-1-4-4 variant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China; Huang et al.; Vet Res 2024.
    Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China; Tong-Qing et al.; Emerg Infect Dis. 2010.
    Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the Mid-Eastern region of China; Li Y et al.; Vet J. 2007
  11. Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 strain in Lower Austria; Sinn LJ et al.; Porcine Health Manag. 2016
  12. Swine Health Information Center. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Updated July 2021. Available at: https://www.swinehealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/shic-factsheet-hp-prrsv-2021Jul13.pdf . Accessed August 26, 2025.
    Complete Coding Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 1-4-4 Lineage 1C Variant Identified in Iowa, USA; Trevisan et al.; Microbiol Resour Announc 2021
  13. A Spanish Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Strain Is Highly Virulent in Pigs Under Experimental Conditions; Curto et al.; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2025
  14. Economic impact of productivity losses attributable to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in United States pork production, 2016–2020. Osomeke et al.; Prev Vet Med. 2025
  15. Examination of viraemia and clinical signs after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV strain in PRRS Type 2 MLV vaccinated pigs: A challenge-dose study; Haiwick et al.; PlosOne 2018
  16. Personal communication Prof. Linhares, POMP project data

Step 1

  1. Dr. Bob Morrison’s Swine Health Monitoring Project: National PRRS incidence/prevalence: July 2025 - June 2026
  2. Magalhaes et al.; AASV 2021
  3. Personal communication Prof. Linhares, POMP project data

Step 2

  1. https://fieldepi.org/sdrs/dashboards/
  2. Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica PRRS Ctrl 2.0; Daniel C. L. Linhares, Marius Kunze

Step 3

  1. Modelling contamination of trucks used in the shipment of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Thakur et al.; J Swine Health Prod. 2017
  2. Interpretable machine learning applied to on-farm biosecurity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Sykes et al.; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2022
  3. Improvements in swine herd biosecurity reduce the incidence risk of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in breeding herds in the Midwestern United States; Dee et al.; J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024
  4. A scoping review of knowledge, attitudes, and practices in swine farm biosecurity in North America; Chepkwony et al.; Front Vet Sci 2025
    The biosecurity status and its associations with production and management characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds; M. Postma et al.; Animal 2016.
  5. Effect of Phase Feeding, Space Allowance and Mixing on Productive Performance of Grower-Finisher Pigs; Camp Montoro et al.; Animals. 2022
  6. Synergistic effects of sequential infection with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2; Fan et al.; Virol J 2013
  7. Comparison of virus detection, productivity, and economic performance between lots of growing pigs vaccinated with two doses or one dose of PRRS MLV vaccine, under field conditions; Moura et al.; Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2022
  8. Personal communication Prof. Daniel Linhares
  9. https://tiergesundheitundmehr.de/sites/default/files/2025-11/2018-02-3-maengel-bei-der-lagerung-von-impfstoffen.pdf
  10. Silva, PRRS management workshop ISU, 2025
  11. In-use stability of PRRS MLVs when mixed with PCV2 vaccines; Duran and Strachan; Leman 2021

Step 4

  1. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2) Coinfections in US Field Cases of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS); Pallarés et al.; J Vet Diagn Invest 2002
    Experimental infection of colostrum deprived piglets with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates PCV2 replication; Allan et al.; Arch Virol 2000.
    Experimental Reproduction of Severe Disease in CD/CD Pigs Concurrently Infected with Type 2 Porcine Circovirus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus; Harms et al.; Vet Pathol 2001
  2. The biosecurity status and its associations with production and management characteristics in farrow-to-finish pig herds; M. Postma et al.; Animal 2016
  3. Modelling contamination of trucks used in the shipment of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Thakur et al.; J Swine Health Prod 2017
  4. Assessment of the Relationship Between Bioexclusion Practices Applied in Wean-to-Harvest Sites and PRRS Outbreaks; Musskopf et al.; Vet Sci 2025

Step 5

  1. Implementation, measurement and return on investment of biosecurity against PRRS on sow reproductive parameters in a high-density pig area in Spain; Blasco et al.; data on file.
    Maximizing the Chances of Success for PRRS Area Regional Control and Elimination Programs: A 5 Step Process in Practice; Rathkjen and Dall; J Microb Biochem Technol 2018